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A castro is a fortified settlement, usually pre-Roman, some from late Bronze Age and Iron Age, the oldest research associated with the Celtic culture. These are frequently found in the Northern Spain, particularly in Asturias, Galicia, Cantabria, Basque Country and the province of Ávila, with the Castro culture and on the plateau with Las Cogotas culture.

The word castro comes from the Latincastrum, which means 'hill fort'.

Castros of the Castro culture[edit]

The castro is a fortified village that began to be inhabited from the 6th century BC, lacking streets of right angles and full of construction almost always circular. The oldest houses were mostly of straw-mud and the latest masonry. The roof was made of branches and mud and after long poles. Basically, they were unique rooms. These are located in naturally protected areas (heights, riots rivers, small peninsulas), close to water sources and arable land and on the border between these and higher areas of grazing.

The castros were protected by one or more pits, parapets and walls that bordered the inhabited precinct, which may have in its accesses a torreón, which controlled the entryways to itself or another strategic location.

In times of conflict, the people who lived in open field moved to these strategically located buildings to ensure their safety. The buildings could also have other purposes such as control of territory, vigilance of crops, etc.

Its situation on the territory compared to other castros suggests that there was a definite strategy when choosing its location, allowing the communication by signals between them as a defensive network.

The maximum flowering time was between the 4th and 2nd centuries BC and show greater business contact with the outside of the south than the north, and the coastal than the inland. Some historians argue that in the first mid-1st century BC there was a multiplication of castros (either for population growth or for other reasons). At the end of the century, coinciding with the final phase of the Roman conquest, some with signs of destruction of the walls and in some cases immediate reoccupation.

Types of castros[edit]

Inland castros[edit]

These are the most common and characteristic. These are located on hills or prominent elevations, but rarely in high summits. They are circular or oval and have one or more walls. An example is the castro of Coaña (Asturias).

Mountain castros[edit]

Located in high mountainous areas, are located on the slopes and are oval, with artificial pits on the upper side and walls or embankments into the valley. Dating back to Roman times and are linked to mining. Two examples include Vilar in the Sierra de Caurel and Xegunde in Fonsagrada (Lugo).

Coastal castros[edit]

Castro Valley Dating Events Los Angeles

Are of varied plant, but usually round or oval, adapting to the terrain. The natural defenses of the sea are complemented by walls and moats into the inland. These are very abundant and an example are the Baroña in the Sierra of Barbanza.

Urbanism of the castros[edit]

The Castro villages tend to be constructed in cleared hills, rocky headlands or peninsulas that stretch into the sea, which provides visibility, defense and the contour domain. The place of settlement is given also in terms of natural resources exploited by the residents. The castros have an upper enclosure, the 'croa' and a series of terraces laid down where are the buildings. Each of these sections may be limited by walls, parapets or pits. Sometimes there is a kind of additions, the antecastros, which is also surrounded by walls but do not harbor houses, so it is assumed that these were intended for animals or orchards.

The castros tend to have a single entrance, which also serves to prevent passage. In some cases is a simple thickening of the tops of the walls, in others, a panel of the wall surpasses the other, forming a narrow corridor. It is assumed that they closed with wooden doors.

The defenses of the castros do not seem to meet war needs, but of prestige and symbolic boundaries of the inhabited space. In fact, few weapons were found. In addition to natural defenses, there are structures of three types:

• Ramparts. Terrain variations formed by earth and stone, which can be natural. These are the basis of the defenses and usually comes from the rubble of the foundational works in the interior.
• Parapets. Artificial elevation of the terrain in the most vulnerable points (entrances and flat areas).
• Trenches. Gabias long and deep, usually associated with the parapets, which can be dug into soil or rock.
• Walls. Masonry defenses of varied types, such as two parallel walls of stone with stone fill. From the inside up to them by wooden stairs, recessed slabs, ramps or rocks. There may be defensive towers at the accesses to the doors. These are later elements.

The most common is the absence of urban organization. In the 1st century appear clusters of buildings ('neighborhoods'), consisting of several buildings surrounded by a wall with one opening facing the street. This arrangement is common in large towns, and in more modest towns like Castro do Vieito. These may be households in which a building would be housing and the other, silos and warehouses. The houses do not share dividing walls, but are separated from the others. It is not known whether this is a reflection of the idiosyncrasies of this culture or because of the difficulty to do in a circular building. The houses also do not have windows.

The floor of the houses was of mud trod. Prior to the 2nd-3rd century BC, the walls were usually built of adobe, with a central pole. Subsequently, it used masonry more or less in horizontal rows (or polygonal, in some cases). The covers were made of branches covered with mud and reinforced by weights or subsequent of tiles. From the 1st century and due to Roman influence, become more usually square or rectangular. The essential element of a house is the home, that in the change of era was located at the center and was made of slate or clay and by the end of the 1st century it shifted to one side and was, in some cases, with shingles.

It is suspected that some large buildings, where a stone bench runs along the wall and in which are not remains of room, could have been room enclosures. It has also ceramic and pottery kilns, usually next to the exits or outside.

See also[edit]

External links[edit]

California State Prison, Corcoran (COR) is a male-only state prison located in the city of Corcoran, in Kings County, California. It is also known as Corcoran State Prison, CSP-C, CSP-COR, CSP-Corcoran, and Corcoran I. The facility is just north of the newer California Substance Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison, Corcoran (Corcoran II).^[2][3][4]

Facilities[edit]

As of Fiscal Year 2002/2003, COR had a total of 1,703 staff and an annual institutional budget of US$115 million.^[2] As of April 30, 2020, COR was incarcerating people at 119.4% of its design capacity, with 3,719 occupants.^[1]

• Individual cells, fenced perimeters and armed coverage
• Level IV housing: Cells, fenced or walled perimeters, electronic security, more staff and armed officers both inside and outside the installation
• Security Housing Units, 'the most secure area[s] within a Level IV prison designed to provide maximum coverage'.
• The Protective Housing Unit & Death Row which holds up to 47 prisoners who require 'extraordinary protection from other prisoners'. The unit houses inmates whose safety would be endangered by general population housing. The Protective Housing Unit has been described as 'strikingly calm' because inmates 'don't want to be moved somewhere less guarded'.^[5] One violent incident occurred in March 1999 when three inmates attacked inmate Juan Corona, inflicting minor injuries, and smashed Charles Manson's guitar. Three other Protective Housing Unit inmates suffered minor injuries.^[6]
• Acute care hospital
• Prison Industry Authority

History[edit]

Built on what was once Tulare Lake, home to the YokutsNative American people, the facility opened in 1988.^[7][8] The prison hospital was dedicated in October 1993.^[9]

In March 1993, at Corcoran, prisoner Wayne Jerome Robertson raped Eddie Dillard, a prisoner about half his size, after the latter was reassigned to his cell. Robertson, who had the nickname 'Booty Bandit', testified in 1999 that prison guards set up the attack.^[10] Dillard testified in the same trial.^[11] After Robertson was assigned to general population at Pelican Bay State Prison, California state senator Tom Hayden stated 'It is almost certain that he would be targeted for death.'^[12]

A front-page article by Mark Arax in the August 1996 Los Angeles Times claimed that COR was 'the most troubled of the 32 state prisons'.^[13] At the time, COR officers had shot and killed more inmates 'than any prison in the country' in COR's eight years of existence. Seven inmates had been killed, and 50 others seriously wounded. Based on interviews and documents, Arax concluded that many shootings of prisoners were 'not justified' and that in some cases 'the wrong inmate was killed by mistake'.^[13] Furthermore, the article alleged that 'officers ... and their supervisors staged fights between inmates' during 'gladiator days'.^[13] In November 1996, CBS Evening News broadcast 'video footage of an inmate fatally shot by guards' at COR in 1994; this death 'spawned a probe by the Federal Bureau of Investigation of alleged inmate abuses by guards'.^[14]

Castro Valley Dating Events List

A March 1997 episode of the discussed the 1994 death, 'the alleged cover-up and the alarming number of shootings at the prison'.^[15] The California Department of Corrections issued the results of its own investigation in November 1997, which found 'isolated incidents of staff misconduct' but no ''widespread staff conspiracy' to abuse prisoners'.^[16]

A film titled Maximum Security University, which used prison surveillance tapes showing four 1989–1993 fights 'end[ing] when a guard fatally shoots a combatant', was released in February 1998.^[17] That month, eight California correctional officers and supervisors were indicted 'on federal criminal civil rights charges in connection with inmate fights that occurred at Corcoran State Prison in 1994'.^[18] After a trial, the eight men were 'acquitted of all charges' in June 2000.^[19]

As of 1999 California had paid out several large prison brutality settlements for incidents at Corcoran, including $2.2 million to inmate Vincent Tulumis paralyzed for life in a May 1993 shooting, and $825,000 for the killing of Preston Tate in April 1994.^[20]

Castro Valley Dating Events

Subsequently, COR has been featured in at least two episodes of MSNBC's Lockup series: 'Inside Corcoran' (first aired as early as 2003)^[21] and 'Return to Corcoran' (first aired in 2005).^[22]

In July of 2013, many inmates at COR participated in a state-wide hunger strike protesting the use of solitary confinement.^[23] Billy Michael Sell, an inmate in COR who had been participating in the hunger strike, committed suicide by hanging himself while in a Security Housing Unit (SHU).^[24] He had been protesting from July 8 to July 21. Sell's death caused significant controversy, as inmate advocates reported that fellow prisoners had heard Sell asking for medical attention for several days before his eventual suicide.^[25] His suicide triggered reviews of the circumstances behind his death at the local, state, and federal level; with Amnesty International calling for an independent inquiry into his death, one without ties to the government.^[26][27]

High-profile inmates[edit]

The prison's most infamous inmates include:

Current

• Rodney Alcala — the 'dating game killer.' Sentenced to death in 1980, 1986, and 2010.
• Joseph James DeAngelo — serial rapist and killer who was sentenced to life without parole in 2020 for 13 murders committed between 1975 and 1986.^[28]
• Scott Dyleski — Sentenced to 25 years to life for a murder committed at age 16.^[29][30]
• Dana Ewell — a convicted triple murderer, he ordered the murders of his family in 1992. Serving three life sentences and has exhausted his appeals. In protective custody. ^[31]
• Phillip Garrido — who kidnapped Jaycee Dugard in 1991. He is serving 431 years to life.
• Mikhail Markhasev — convicted murderer of Ennis Cosby, son of entertainer Bill Cosby.^[32] In 1998, he received a sentence of life without parole, plus 10 years.^[33]
• John Floyd Thomas, Jr. — serial rapist and killer
• David Turpin — Sentenced to 25 years to life for holding captive and torturing 12 of his 13 children.^[34][35]
• Michael Jace killed wife in 2014.

Former

• Juan Corona — murdered twenty-five people in 1971. He was transferred to COR from the Correctional Training Facility in 1992. On March 4, 2019, Corona died from natural causes.^[5][36][37]
• John Albert Gardner III — convicted of the murders of Chelsea King (2010) and Amber Dubois (2009).
• Charles Manson — leader of the Manson family. Transferred from San Quentin State Prison to COR in March 1989.^[38] In April 2012, Manson was again denied parole, and was not to be eligible again until 2027.^[39] On November 12, 2017, Manson was taken to a Bakersfield hospital on for an unspecified illness. On November 29, 2017, Manson died at the hospital.
• Joe 'Pegleg' Morgan — infamous member of the Mexican Mafia. He was at Pelican Bay State Prison prior to being hospitalized at COR from October 1993 until his death in November 1993.^[40]
• Yenok Ordoyan — Armenian surgeon who was convicted of welfare fraud. He earned the moniker the 'King of Welfare', and was released February 21, 2000.^[41]
• Sirhan Sirhan — convicted assassin of United States SenatorRobert F. Kennedy. He was transferred to COR from the Correctional Training Facility in 1992^[37][42] and lived in COR's Protective Housing Unit until he was moved to a harsher lockdown at COR in 2003.^[5] He was denied parole in March 2006, and in March 2011.^[43] He was moved to Pleasant Valley State Prison in Coalinga as of October 29, 2009.^[44] He was subsequently moved back to COR, and, on November 22, 2013, was transferred to the Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility in San Diego County.^[45]
• Joseph Son — South Korean mixed martial arts fighter, manager, and actor. Currently serving life without the possibility of parole for rape and torture. Was transferred to Salinas Valley State Prison in October 2014.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^ab'California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation: Monthly Report of Population As of Midnight April 30, 2020'(PDF). California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Division of Internal Oversight and Research. April 30, 2020. Archived from the original(PDF) on May 3, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
2. ^ ^abCalifornia State Prison, Corcoran (CSP-COR) (2009). 'Mission Statement'. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Archived from the original on August 6, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
3. ^Office of the Governor, State of California. Jerry Brown Announces Appointments 08/24/07Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine.
4. ^City of Corcoran, California. About CorcoranArchived 2007-12-15 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 11 Dec 2007.
5. ^ ^abcCurtis, Kim. Even in prison Jackson would be 'star'. Daily Breeze (Torrance, CA), June 13, 2005.
6. ^'Inmates attack mass murderer Juan Corona, smash Manson's guitar'. The Daily Sentinel. Pomeroy and Middleport, Ohio. March 16, 1999. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
7. ^Broder, John M. Spun and Unspun Tales of a California Cotton KingArchived 2009-01-21 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times, January 8, 2004.
8. ^Good, Bob. First Inmates Arrive at Corcoran Prison. Fresno Bee, February 23, 1988.
9. ^Diaz, Sam. Corcoran Prison Opens Hospital Doors. It's Like Most Facilities, Except for the Armed Guards, Security Cameras and Grill Gates. The Fresno Bee, October 28, 1993.
10. ^Arax, Mark. 'Corcoran Inmate Tells Jury Guards Set Up Rape.' Los Angeles Times. October 19, 1999. Retrieved on February 2, 2016.
11. ^Arax, Mark. 'Tearful Victim Testifies on Prison Rape.' Los Angeles Times. October 20, 1999. Retrieved on February 24, 2016.
12. ^Podger, Pamela J. 'Corcoran Rapist Marked for Death at Pelican Bay, Tom Hayden Says / Inmate allegedly was told to attack by prison guards.' San Francisco Chronicle. Tuesday August 20, 1998. Retrieved on February 24, 2016.
13. ^ ^abcArax, Mark. Tales of Brutality Behind Bars; Five officers claim staging of 'gladiator days,' other abuses at Corcoran State Prison. FBI is investigating facility, which has most killings of inmates in U.S. Los Angeles Times, August 21, 1996.
14. ^Podger, Pamela J. Video of Fatal Prison Shooting at Corcoran Stirs Controversy. The Fresno Bee, November 20, 1996.
15. ^'60 Minutes' Spotlights Corcoran. 'Deadliest Prison' Segment Will Lead Off Sunday's Broadcast. Fresno Bee, March 29, 1997.
16. ^Holding, Reynolds. State Corrections Dept. Clears Itself in Probe of Corcoran Prison. The San Francisco Chronicle, November 27, 1997.
17. ^A Film Aims to Expose Prison Deaths. Private Investigator Hopes Corcoran Footage Stirs Debate, Reform. Fresno Bee, February 16, 1998.
18. ^United States Department of Justice. Eight Officers Indicted for Civil Rights Violations at Corcoran State Prison in California. February 26, 1998.
19. ^Bier, Jerry, et al. All 8 Corcoran Guards Acquitted. Applause Rocks the Courtroom After the Verdicts. Fresno Bee, June 10, 2000.
20. ^https://articles.latimes.com/1999/may/16/news/mn-37888
21. ^Primetime mailing list. New Year's Day Programming on America's Newschannel MSNBC. The Mail Archive, January 1, 2003.
22. ^MSNBC - 'Lockup: Return to Corcoran' on TV tonight (01/07/06) (discussion thread).
23. ^'Why 30,000 California Prisoners Are On Hunger Strike [INFOGRAPHIC]'. Human Rights Now. 2013-07-10. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
24. ^'Searching for the Truth About California's Prison Hunger Strike'. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
25. ^''Affront to human rights': Amnesty International weighs in on California prisons hunger strike - NBC News'. NBC News. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
26. ^''Affront to human rights': Amnesty International weighs in on California prisons hunger strike - NBC News'. NBC News. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
27. ^Mullane, Holly Kernan, Martina Castro, Nancy. 'A look inside the Security Housing Units in California state prisons'. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
28. ^https://inmatelocator.cdcr.ca.gov/Details.aspx?ID=BM4015
29. ^https://mycrimelibrary.com/scott-dyleski-teen-killer/
30. ^https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2018/08/30/notorious-convicted-murderer-becomes-eligible-for-parole/
31. ^Swinton, Nate. Appealing to God. The Santa Clara, May 23, 2002.
32. ^Siemaszko, Corky. Scott's Fate Still in LimboArchived 2009-01-22 at the Wayback Machine. New York Daily News, December 11, 2004.
33. ^Berry, Steve. Cosby’s Killer Gets Life in Prison. Los Angeles Times, August 12, 1998
34. ^https://inmatelocator.cdcr.ca.gov/Details.aspx?ID=BJ1523
35. ^'Jake Turpin family'.
36. ^Juan Corona denied parole for 2nd time. San Diego Union, June 24, 1987.
37. ^ ^abGrossi, Mark. Corcoran Prison Home to Who's-Who of Killers. The List of Infamous Murderers at the State Facility has Grown This Week to Include Sirhan Sirhan and Juan Corona. The Fresno Bee, June 5, 1992.
38. ^Lopez, Pablo. Charles Manson Transferred to Corcoran Prison. Fresno Bee, March 16, 1989.
39. ^'Charles Manson Quickly Denied Parole'. LA Times. April 11, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
40. ^Katz, Jesse. Reputed Mexican Mafia Leader Dies in Prison at 64. Los Angeles Times, November 10, 1993.
41. ^http://www.thefreelibrary.com/COUNTY+ATTACKS+WELFARE+FRAUD;+GRAND+JURY+WANTS+TO+%60CLOSE+FLOODGATES'-a083626362
42. ^Wilstein, Steve. Sirhan denied parole for 10th time in RFK killing. Daily Breeze (Torrance, CA), May 24, 1989.
43. ^Barbassa, Juliana. Robert Kennedy killer denied parole. Daily Breeze (Torrance, CA), March 16, 2006.
44. ^Deutsch, Linda. Robert F. Kennedy's killer is moved to new site. Associated Press, November 2, 2009.
45. ^Monica Garske, RFK killer Sirhan Sirhan moved to another prison — on anniversary of JFK assassination, NBCNews.com (November 22, 2013). Retrieved on November 23, 2013.

External links[edit]

• Corcoran State Prison at the Center for Land Use Interpretation